Flexibility — The Effects of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation and Static Stretching Exercises
Citation(s)
Björklund M, Hamberg J, Crenshaw AG Sensory adaptation after a 2-week stretching regimen of the rectus femoris muscle. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2001 Sep;82(9):1245-50.
Bouët V, Gahéry Y Muscular exercise improves knee position sense in humans. Neurosci Lett. 2000 Aug 4;289(2):143-6.
Ghaffarinejad F, Taghizadeh S, Mohammadi F Effect of static stretching of muscles surrounding the knee on knee joint position sense. Br J Sports Med. 2007 Oct;41(10):684-7. Epub 2007 May 17.
Hassan BS, Mockett S, Doherty M Static postural sway, proprioception, and maximal voluntary quadriceps contraction in patients with knee osteoarthritis and normal control subjects. Ann Rheum Dis. 2001 Jun;60(6):612-8.
Pincivero DM, Bachmeier B, Coelho AJ The effects of joint angle and reliability on knee proprioception. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001 Oct;33(10):1708-12.
Röijezon U, Clark NC, Treleaven J Proprioception in musculoskeletal rehabilitation. Part 1: Basic science and principles of assessment and clinical interventions. Man Ther. 2015 Jun;20(3):368-77. doi: 10.1016/j.math.2015.01.008. Epub 2015 Jan 29. Review.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.