auer ST, Bonanno C Abnormal placentation. Semin Perinatol. 2009;33(2):88-96. 6. Oyelese Y, Smulian JC. Placenta previa, placenta accreta, and vasa previa. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;107(4):927-941.
Balayla J, Bondarenko HD Placenta accreta and the risk of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. J Perinat Med. 2013 Mar;41(2):141-9. doi: 10.1515/jpm-2012-0219. Review.
Rao KP, Belogolovkin V, Yankowitz J, Spinnato JA 2nd Abnormal placentation: evidence-based diagnosis and management of placenta previa, placenta accreta, and vasa previa. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2012 Aug;67(8):503-19. doi: 10.1097/OGX.0b013e3182685870. Review.
Vahanian SA, Lavery JA, Ananth CV, Vintzileos A Placental implantation abnormalities and risk of preterm delivery: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015 Oct;213(4 Suppl):S78-90. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2015.05.058. Review.
Zaki ZM, Bahar AM, Ali ME, Albar HA, Gerais MA Risk factors and morbidity in patients with placenta previa accreta compared to placenta previa non-accreta. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1998 Apr;77(4):391-4.
Fertility Post Preservative Cesarean Section and Uterine Artery Embolization
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
