Basaria S, Wahlstrom JT, Dobs AS Clinical review 138: Anabolic-androgenic steroid therapy in the treatment of chronic diseases. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Nov;86(11):5108-17. doi: 10.1210/jcem.86.11.7983.
Beck EC, Nwachukwu BU, Krivicich LM, Malloy P, Suppauksorn S, Jan K, Nho SJ Preoperative Hip Extension Strength Is an Independent Predictor of Achieving Clinically Significant Outcomes After Hip Arthroscopy for Femoroacetabular Impingement Syndrome. Sports Health. 2020 Jul/Aug;12(4):361-372. doi: 10.1177/1941738120910134. Epub 2020 May 11.
Janssen I, Heymsfield SB, Ross R Low relative skeletal muscle mass (sarcopenia) in older persons is associated with functional impairment and physical disability. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002 May;50(5):889-96. doi: 10.1046/j.1532-5415.2002.50216.x.
White JP, Baltgalvis KA, Sato S, Wilson LB, Carson JA Effect of nandrolone decanoate administration on recovery from bupivacaine-induced muscle injury. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2009 Nov;107(5):1420-30. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00668.2009. Epub 2009 Sep 10.
Wu B, Lorezanza D, Badash I, Berger M, Lane C, Sum JC, Hatch GF 3rd, Schroeder ET Perioperative Testosterone Supplementation Increases Lean Mass in Healthy Men Undergoing Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Orthop J Sports Med. 2017 Aug 9;5(8):2325967117722794. doi: 10.1177/2325967117722794. eCollection 2017 Aug.
Peri-Operative Testosterone Administration in Primary Hip Arthroscopy
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.