Female Contraception — Compare Two Copper IUDs: Mona Lisa NT Cu380 Mini and ParaGard
Citation(s)
Abraham M, Zhao Q, Peipert JF Young Age, Nulliparity, and Continuation of Long-Acting Reversible Contraceptive Methods. Obstet Gynecol. 2015 Oct;126(4):823-829. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000001036.
Benacerraf BR, Shipp TD, Lyons JG, Bromley B Width of the normal uterine cavity in premenopausal women and effect of parity. Obstet Gynecol. 2010 Aug;116(2 Pt 1):305-310. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181e6cc10.
Farley TM, Rosenberg MJ, Rowe PJ, Chen JH, Meirik O Intrauterine devices and pelvic inflammatory disease: an international perspective. Lancet. 1992 Mar 28;339(8796):785-8. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(92)91904-m.
Heinemann K, Reed S, Moehner S, Minh TD Risk of uterine perforation with levonorgestrel-releasing and copper intrauterine devices in the European Active Surveillance Study on Intrauterine Devices. Contraception. 2015 Apr;91(4):274-9. doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2015.01.007. Epub 2015 Jan 16.
Hubacher D Copper intrauterine device use by nulliparous women: review of side effects. Contraception. 2007 Jun;75(6 Suppl):S8-11. doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2006.12.005. Epub 2007 Feb 20.
Koch P, Reinhardt P, Soyka E Intrauterine contraception using the Copper Mini-Gravigard 7 IUD: summary of 328 case histories. Contracept Deliv Syst. 1981 Apr;2(1):171-6.
Petersen KR, Brooks L, Jacobsen N, Skoby SO Clinical performance of intrauterine devices in nulligravidae: is the length of the endometrial cavity of significance? Acta Eur Fertil. 1991 Jul-Aug;22(4):225-8.
Sivin I, Stern J Long-acting, more effective copper T IUDs: a summary of U.S. experience, 1970-75. Stud Fam Plann. 1979 Oct;10(10):263-81. No abstract available.
Sivin I, Tatum HJ Four years of experience with the TCu 380A intrauterine contraceptive device. Fertil Steril. 1981 Aug;36(2):159-63.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
