Heikura IA, Burke LM, Bergland D, Uusitalo ALT, Mero AA, Stellingwerff T Impact of Energy Availability, Health, and Sex on Hemoglobin-Mass Responses Following Live-High-Train-High Altitude Training in Elite Female and Male Distance Athletes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2018 Sep 1;13(8):1090-1096. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2017-0547. Epub 2018 Sep 13.
Joy E, Kussman A, Nattiv A 2016 update on eating disorders in athletes: A comprehensive narrative review with a focus on clinical assessment and management. Br J Sports Med. 2016 Feb;50(3):154-62. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2015-095735.
Logue DM, Madigan SM, Melin A, Delahunt E, Heinen M, Donnell SM, Corish CA Low Energy Availability in Athletes 2020: An Updated Narrative Review of Prevalence, Risk, Within-Day Energy Balance, Knowledge, and Impact on Sports Performance. Nutrients. 2020 Mar 20;12(3):835. doi: 10.3390/nu12030835.
Loucks AB, Stachenfeld NS, DiPietro L The female athlete triad: do female athletes need to take special care to avoid low energy availability? Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006 Oct;38(10):1694-700. doi: 10.1249/01.mss.0000239397.01203.83. No abstract available.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
