Bharucha AE, Zinsmeister AR, Schleck CD, Melton LJ 3rd Bowel disturbances are the most important risk factors for late onset fecal incontinence: a population-based case-control study in women. Gastroenterology. 2010 Nov;139(5):1559-66. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.07.056. Epub 2010 Aug 10.
Bulchandani S, Toozs-Hobson P, Parsons M, McCooty S, Perkins K, Latthe P Effect of anticholinergics on the overactive bladder and bowel domain of the electronic personal assessment questionnaire (ePAQ). Int Urogynecol J. 2015 Apr;26(4):533-7. doi: 10.1007/s00192-014-2527-2. Epub 2014 Oct 17.
Chapple C, Steers W, Norton P, Millard R, Kralidis G, Glavind K, Abrams P A pooled analysis of three phase III studies to investigate the efficacy, tolerability and safety of darifenacin, a muscarinic M3 selective receptor antagonist, in the treatment of overactive bladder. BJU Int. 2005 May;95(7):993-1001.
Darkow T, Fontes CL, Williamson TE Costs associated with the management of overactive bladder and related comorbidities. Pharmacotherapy. 2005 Apr;25(4):511-9.
Freeman A, Menees S Fecal Incontinence and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction in Women: A Review. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2016 Jun;45(2):217-37. doi: 10.1016/j.gtc.2016.02.002. Review.
Lawrence JM, Lukacz ES, Nager CW, Hsu JW, Luber KM Prevalence and co-occurrence of pelvic floor disorders in community-dwelling women. Obstet Gynecol. 2008 Mar;111(3):678-85. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181660c1b.
Leroi AM The role of sacral neuromodulation in double incontinence. Colorectal Dis. 2011 Mar;13 Suppl 2:15-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-1318.2010.02520.x. Review.
Lucak S, Chang L, Halpert A, Harris LA Current and emergent pharmacologic treatments for irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea: evidence-based treatment in practice. Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2017 Feb;10(2):253-275. doi: 10.1177/1756283X16663396. Epub 2016 Sep 16. Review.
Milsom I, Abrams P, Cardozo L, Roberts RG, Thüroff J, Wein AJ How widespread are the symptoms of an overactive bladder and how are they managed? A population-based prevalence study. BJU Int. 2001 Jun;87(9):760-6. Erratum in: BJU Int 2001 Nov;88(7):807.
Santoro GA, Eitan BZ, Pryde A, Bartolo DC Open study of low-dose amitriptyline in the treatment of patients with idiopathic fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum. 2000 Dec;43(12):1676-81; discussion 1681-2.
Smith TM, Menees SB, Xu X, Saad RJ, Chey WD, Fenner DE Factors associated with quality of life among women with fecal incontinence. Int Urogynecol J. 2013 Mar;24(3):493-9. doi: 10.1007/s00192-012-1889-6. Epub 2012 Jul 18.
Wu JM, Hundley AF, Fulton RG, Myers ER Forecasting the prevalence of pelvic floor disorders in U.S. Women: 2010 to 2050. Obstet Gynecol. 2009 Dec;114(6):1278-83. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181c2ce96.
Antimuscarinic Medication for Urgency Urinary Incontinence in Women With Dual Incontinence (Darifenacin for Treatment of Women With Dual Incontinence)
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.