Jin ES, Sherry AD, Malloy CR An Oral Load of [13C3]Glycerol and Blood NMR Analysis Detect Fatty Acid Esterification, Pentose Phosphate Pathway, and Glycerol Metabolism through the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle in Human Liver. J Biol Chem. 2016 Sep 2;291(36):19031-41. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M116.742262. Epub 2016 Jul 18.
Jin ES, Sherry AD, Malloy CR Interaction between the pentose phosphate pathway and gluconeogenesis from glycerol in the liver. J Biol Chem. 2014 Nov 21;289(47):32593-603. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M114.577692. Epub 2014 Oct 6.
Jones JG Hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism. Diabetologia. 2016 Jun;59(6):1098-103. doi: 10.1007/s00125-016-3940-5. Epub 2016 Apr 5.
Lee P, Leong W, Tan T, Lim M, Han W, Radda GK In vivo hyperpolarized carbon-13 magnetic resonance spectroscopy reveals increased pyruvate carboxylase flux in an insulin-resistant mouse model. Hepatology. 2013 Feb;57(2):515-24. doi: 10.1002/hep.26028. Epub 2013 Jan 10.
Merritt ME, Harrison C, Sherry AD, Malloy CR, Burgess SC Flux through hepatic pyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase detected by hyperpolarized 13C magnetic resonance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Nov 22;108(47):19084-9. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1111247108. Epub 2011 Nov 7.
Moreno KX, Moore CL, Burgess SC, Sherry AD, Malloy CR, Merritt ME Production of hyperpolarized 13CO2 from [1-13C]pyruvate in perfused liver does reflect total anaplerosis but is not a reliable biomarker of glucose production. Metabolomics. 2015 Oct;11(5):1144-1156. doi: 10.1007/s11306-014-0768-1. Epub 2015 Jan 9.
Neeland IJ, Hughes C, Ayers CR, Malloy CR, Jin ES Effects of visceral adiposity on glycerol pathways in gluconeogenesis. Metabolism. 2017 Feb;67:80-89. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2016.11.008. Epub 2016 Nov 27.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
