Howcroft J, Kofman J, Lemaire ED Review of fall risk assessment in geriatric populations using inertial sensors. J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2013 Aug 8;10(1):91. doi: 10.1186/1743-0003-10-91. Review.
Johansson J, Nordström A, Nordström P Greater Fall Risk in Elderly Women Than in Men Is Associated With Increased Gait Variability During Multitasking. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2016 Jun 1;17(6):535-40. doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2016.02.009. Epub 2016 Mar 19.
Johansson J, Nordström A, Nordström P Objectively measured physical activity is associated with parameters of bone in 70-year-old men and women. Bone. 2015 Dec;81:72-9. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.07.001. Epub 2015 Jul 4.
Kwok BC, Clark RA, Pua YH Novel use of the Wii Balance Board to prospectively predict falls in community-dwelling older adults. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2015 Jun;30(5):481-4. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2015.03.006. Epub 2015 Mar 11.
Maki BE, Holliday PJ, Topper AK A prospective study of postural balance and risk of falling in an ambulatory and independent elderly population. J Gerontol. 1994 Mar;49(2):M72-84.
Masud T, Morris RO Epidemiology of falls. Age Ageing. 2001 Nov;30 Suppl 4:3-7. Review.
Scaglioni-Solano P, Aragón-Vargas LF Validity and reliability of the Nintendo Wii Balance Board to assess standing balance and sensory integration in highly functional older adults. Int J Rehabil Res. 2014 Jun;37(2):138-43. doi: 10.1097/MRR.0000000000000046.
Stel VS, Smit JH, Pluijm SM, Lips P Consequences of falling in older men and women and risk factors for health service use and functional decline. Age Ageing. 2004 Jan;33(1):58-65.
Wolinsky FD, Fitzgerald JF, Stump TE The effect of hip fracture on mortality, hospitalization, and functional status: a prospective study. Am J Public Health. 1997 Mar;87(3):398-403.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
