Carda S, Cisari C, Invernizzi M, Bevilacqua M Osteoporosis after stroke: a review of the causes and potential treatments. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2009;28(2):191-200. doi: 10.1159/000226578. Epub 2009 Jun 30.
GBD 2017 Causes of Death Collaborators Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet. 2018 Nov 10;392(10159):1736-1788. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32203-7. Epub 2018 Nov 8. Erratum In: Lancet. 2019 Jun 22;393(10190):e44. Lancet. 2018 Nov 17;392(10160):2170.
Ramnemark A, Nyberg L, Lorentzon R, Englund U, Gustafson Y Progressive hemiosteoporosis on the paretic side and increased bone mineral density in the nonparetic arm the first year after severe stroke. Osteoporos Int. 1999;9(3):269-75. doi: 10.1007/s001980050147.
Yuan ZC, Mo H, Guan J, He JL, Wu ZJ Risk of hip fracture following stroke, a meta-analysis of 13 cohort studies. Osteoporos Int. 2016 Sep;27(9):2673-2679. doi: 10.1007/s00198-016-3603-x. Epub 2016 Apr 22.
Post-Stroke Osteopathy: Characterization of Fractures and Changes in the Bone Microstructure After Ischemic Stroke or TIA
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
