Eyelid Diseases — Effect of Upper Eyelid Surgeries on Corneal Characteristics
Citation(s)
Aksu Ceylan N, Yeniad B Effects of Upper Eyelid Surgery on the Ocular Surface and Corneal Topography. Turk J Ophthalmol. 2022 Feb 23;52(1):50-56. doi: 10.4274/tjo.galenos.2021.63255.
Altin Ekin M, Karadeniz Ugurlu S Prospective analysis of visual function changes in patients with dermatochalasis after upper eyelid blepharoplasty. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2020 Sep;30(5):978-984. doi: 10.1177/1120672119857501. Epub 2019 Jun 17.
Bhattacharjee K, Misra D, Singh M, Deori N Long-term changes in contrast-sensitivity, corneal topography and higher-order aberrations after upper eyelid blepharoplasty: A prospective interventional study. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2020 Dec;68(12):2906-2910. doi: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_907_20.
Dogan AS, Acar M, Kosker M, Arslan N, Gurdal C Alterations in corneal epithelial thickness in patients with congenital myogenic eyelid ptosis. Int Ophthalmol. 2018 Feb;38(1):53-57. doi: 10.1007/s10792-016-0419-9. Epub 2016 Dec 26.
Kanclerz P, Khoramnia R, Wang X Current Developments in Corneal Topography and Tomography. Diagnostics (Basel). 2021 Aug 13;11(8):1466. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics11081466.
Li X, Liu C, Mao Z, Liang X, Li Z, Liu X, Gong R, Huang D Effect of congenital blepharoptosis on corneal biomechanical properties and changes after ptosis surgery. Eye (Lond). 2020 Jun;34(6):1055-1062. doi: 10.1038/s41433-019-0586-9. Epub 2019 Sep 26.
Sommer F, Untch E, Spoerl E, Herber R, Pillunat LE, Terai N Effect of upper eyelid blepharoplasty on corneal biomechanical, topographic and tomographic parameters 4 weeks after surgery. Int Ophthalmol. 2022 Jan;42(1):113-121. doi: 10.1007/s10792-021-02006-6. Epub 2021 Sep 3.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
