External Cephalic Version — Nitrous Oxide for External Cephalic Version
Citation(s)
ACOG Committee on Obstetric Practice ACOG Committee Opinion No. 340. Mode of term singleton breech delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Jul;108(1):235-7.
Creeley CE, Olney JW The young: neuroapoptosis induced by anesthetics and what to do about it. Anesth Analg. 2010 Feb 1;110(2):442-8. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0b013e3181c6b9ca. Epub 2009 Dec 2.
Fok WY, Chan LW, Leung TY, Lau TK Maternal experience of pain during external cephalic version at term. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2005 Aug;84(8):748-51.
Hannah ME, Hannah WJ, Hewson SA, Hodnett ED, Saigal S, Willan AR Planned caesarean section versus planned vaginal birth for breech presentation at term: a randomised multicentre trial. Term Breech Trial Collaborative Group. Lancet. 2000 Oct 21;356(9239):1375-83.
Lavoie A, Guay J Anesthetic dose neuraxial blockade increases the success rate of external fetal version: a meta-analysis. Can J Anaesth. 2010 May;57(5):408-14. doi: 10.1007/s12630-010-9278-4. Epub 2010 Feb 3.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
