Executive Functions — Effects of Modern Board Games on Well Being in Older Adults
Citation(s)
Ching-Teng Y Effect of board game activities on cognitive function improvement among older adults in adult day care centers. Soc Work Health Care. 2019 Oct;58(9):825-838. doi: 10.1080/00981389.2019.1656143. Epub 2019 Aug 21.
Lee BO, Yao CT, Pan CF Effectiveness of board game activities for reducing depression among older adults in adult day care centers of Taiwan: a quasi-experimental study. Soc Work Health Care. 2020 Oct-Dec;59(9-10):725-737. doi: 10.1080/00981389.2020.1842576. Epub 2020 Nov 2.
Nakao M Special series on "effects of board games on health education and promotion" board games as a promising tool for health promotion: a review of recent literature. Biopsychosoc Med. 2019 Feb 19;13:5. doi: 10.1186/s13030-019-0146-3. eCollection 2019.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
