End-stage Renal Disease (ESRD) — NIRS for the Diagnosis of Residual Renal Function Injury in Hemodialysis Patients
Citation(s)
Bargman JM, Golper TA The importance of residual renal function for patients on dialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2005 Apr;20(4):671-3. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfh723. Epub 2005 Mar 8. No abstract available.
Delrue C, De Bruyne S, Speeckaert MM The Potential Use of Near- and Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy in Kidney Diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Apr 4;24(7):6740. doi: 10.3390/ijms24076740.
Misra M, Vonesh E, Van Stone JC, Moore HL, Prowant B, Nolph KD Effect of cause and time of dropout on the residual GFR: a comparative analysis of the decline of GFR on dialysis. Kidney Int. 2001 Feb;59(2):754-63. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.059002754.x.
Ogata K Clinicopathological study of kidneys from patients on chronic dialysis. Kidney Int. 1990 May;37(5):1333-40. doi: 10.1038/ki.1990.119.
Rottembourg J Residual renal function and recovery of renal function in patients treated by CAPD. Kidney Int Suppl. 1993 Feb;40:S106-10. No abstract available.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
