Angulo JC, Arance I, de Las Heras MM, Meilan E, Esquinas C, Andres EM Efficacy of low-intensity shock wave therapy for erectile dysfunction: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Actas Urol Esp. 2017 Oct;41(8):479-490. doi: 10.1016/j.acuro.2016.07.005. Epub 2016 Aug 10. English, Spanish.
Clavijo RI, Kohn TP, Kohn JR, Ramasamy R Effects of Low-Intensity Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy on Erectile Dysfunction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Sex Med. 2017 Jan;14(1):27-35. doi: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.11.001. Epub 2016 Dec 13.
Liu T, Shindel AW, Lin G, Lue TF Cellular signaling pathways modulated by low-intensity extracorporeal shock wave therapy. Int J Impot Res. 2019 May;31(3):170-176. doi: 10.1038/s41443-019-0113-3. Epub 2019 Jan 22.
Man L, Li G Low-intensity Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy for Erectile Dysfunction: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Urology. 2018 Sep;119:97-103. doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2017.09.011. Epub 2017 Sep 27.
Vardi Y, Appel B, Jacob G, Massarwi O, Gruenwald I Can low-intensity extracorporeal shockwave therapy improve erectile function? A 6-month follow-up pilot study in patients with organic erectile dysfunction. Eur Urol. 2010 Aug;58(2):243-8. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2010.04.004. Epub 2010 May 6.
Young SR, Dyson M The effect of therapeutic ultrasound on angiogenesis. Ultrasound Med Biol. 1990;16(3):261-9. doi: 10.1016/0301-5629(90)90005-w.
Low Intensity Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy (Li-ESWT) for Erectile Dysfunction
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
