Episiotomy Wound — Comparative Effects of Cryotherapy and Infrared Light on Pain, Redness, and Healing of Episiotomy Wound
Citation(s)
Beleza ACS, Ferreira CHJ, Driusso P, Dos Santos CB, Nakano AMS Effect of cryotherapy on relief of perineal pain after vaginal childbirth with episiotomy: a randomized and controlled clinical trial. Physiotherapy. 2017 Dec;103(4):453-458. doi: 10.1016/j.physio.2016.03.003. Epub 2016 Nov 9.
Choudhari RG, Tayade SA, Venurkar SV, Deshpande VP A Review of Episiotomy and Modalities for Relief of Episiotomy Pain. Cureus. 2022 Nov 17;14(11):e31620. doi: 10.7759/cureus.31620. eCollection 2022 Nov.
Roma NZH, Essa RM, Rashwan ZI, Ahmed AH Effect of Dry Heat Application on Perineal Pain and Episiotomy Wound Healing among Primipara Women. Obstet Gynecol Int. 2023 Jan 4;2023:9572354. doi: 10.1155/2023/9572354. eCollection 2023.
Solt Kirca A, Korkut Oksuz S, Murat N The effect of cold application on episiotomy pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Nurs. 2022 Mar;31(5-6):559-568. doi: 10.1111/jocn.15912. Epub 2021 Jun 13.
Zakariaee SS, Shahoei R, Hashemi Nosab L, Moradi G, Farshbaf M The Effects of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation on Post-Episiotomy Pain Severity in Primiparous Women: A Randomized, Controlled, Placebo Clinical Trial. Galen Med J. 2019 Aug 14;8:e1404. doi: 10.31661/gmj.v8i0.1404. eCollection 2019.
Comparative Effects of Cryotherapy and Infrared Light on Pain, Redness and Healing of Episiotomy Wound
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
