Endothelial Dysfunction — Artery Function Responses to Changes in Blood Flow
Citation(s)
Gurovich AN, Braith RW Enhanced external counterpulsation creates acute blood flow patterns responsible for improved flow-mediated dilation in humans. Hypertens Res. 2013 Apr;36(4):297-305. doi: 10.1038/hr.2012.169. Epub 2012 Oct 18.
Reneman RS, Arts T, Hoeks AP Wall shear stress--an important determinant of endothelial cell function and structure--in the arterial system in vivo. Discrepancies with theory. J Vasc Res. 2006;43(3):251-69. Epub 2006 Feb 20. Review.
Totosy de Zepetnek JO, Ditor DS, Au JS, MacDonald MJ Impact of shear rate pattern on upper and lower limb conduit artery endothelial function in both spinal cord-injured and able-bodied men. Exp Physiol. 2015 Oct;100(10):1107-17. doi: 10.1113/EP085056. Epub 2015 Aug 18.
Wang C, Baker BM, Chen CS, Schwartz MA Endothelial cell sensing of flow direction. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2013 Sep;33(9):2130-6. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.113.301826. Epub 2013 Jun 27.
Endothelial Function Responses to Manipulations in Blood Flow Pattern
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
