Endometritis — Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Ragged Placental Membranes
Citation(s)
Chibueze EC, Parsons AJ, Ota E, Swa T, Oladapo OT, Mori R Prophylactic antibiotics for manual removal of retained placenta during vaginal birth: a systematic review of observational studies and meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2015 Nov 26;15:313. doi: 10.1186/s12884-015-0752-4. Review.
Chongsomchai C, Lumbiganon P, Laopaiboon M Prophylactic antibiotics for manual removal of retained placenta in vaginal birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Oct 20;(10):CD004904. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004904.pub3. Review.
Meaney-Delman D, Bartlett LA, Gravett MG, Jamieson DJ Oral and intramuscular treatment options for early postpartum endometritis in low-resource settings: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol. 2015 Apr;125(4):789-800. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000000732. Review. Erratum in: Obstet Gynecol. 2015 Aug;126(2):452-3.
Newton ER, Prihoda TJ, Gibbs RS A clinical and microbiologic analysis of risk factors for puerperal endometritis. Obstet Gynecol. 1990 Mar;75(3 Pt 1):402-6.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
