Encopresis — Internet-based Treatment of Early Childhood Fecal Incontinence
Citation(s)
Borowitz SM, Cox DJ, Sutphen JL, Kovatchev B Treatment of childhood encopresis: a randomized trial comparing three treatment protocols. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2002 Apr;34(4):378-84.
Borowitz SM, Cox DJ, Sutphen JL Differences in toileting habits between children with chronic encopresis, asymptomatic siblings, and asymptomatic nonsiblings. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1999 Jun;20(3):145-9.
Cox DJ, Sutphen J, Borowitz S, Kovatchev B, Ling W Contribution of behavior therapy and biofeedback to laxative therapy in the treatment of pediatric encopresis. Ann Behav Med. 1998 Spring;20(2):70-6.
Cox DJ, Sutphen J, Ling W, Quillian W, Borowitz S Additive benefits of laxative, toilet training, and biofeedback therapies in the treatment of pediatric encopresis. J Pediatr Psychol. 1996 Oct;21(5):659-70.
Ling W, Cox DJ, Sutphen J, Borowitz S Psychological factors in encopresis: comparison of patients to nonsymptomatic siblings. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1996 Aug;35(8):427.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
