Emergencies — Venopuncture in Pediatric Emergency Department Using Koala's Distraction Method
Citation(s)
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Brenner SM, Rupp V, Boucher J, Weaver K, Dusza SW, Bokovoy J A randomized, controlled trial to evaluate topical anesthetic for 15 minutes before venipuncture in pediatrics. Am J Emerg Med. 2013 Jan;31(1):20-5. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2012.05.003. Epub 2012 J
Canbulat N, Ayhan F, Inal S Effectiveness of external cold and vibration for procedural pain relief during peripheral intravenous cannulation in pediatric patients. Pain Manag Nurs. 2015 Feb;16(1):33-9. doi: 10.1016/j.pmn.2014.03.003. Epub 2014 Jun 7.
Shave K, Ali S, Scott SD, Hartling L Procedural pain in children: a qualitative study of caregiver experiences and information needs. BMC Pediatr. 2018 Oct 13;18(1):324. doi: 10.1186/s12887-018-1300-y.
Thompson S, Ayers S, Pervilhac C, Mahoney L, Seddon P The association of children's distress during venepuncture with parent and staff behaviours. J Child Health Care. 2016 Sep;20(3):267-76. doi: 10.1177/1367493515598643. Epub 2015 Aug 27.
Yoo H, Kim S, Hur HK, Kim HS The effects of an animation distraction intervention on pain response of preschool children during venipuncture. Appl Nurs Res. 2011 May;24(2):94-100. doi: 10.1016/j.apnr.2009.03.005. Epub 2009 Jul 15.
Venopuncture in Pediatric Emergency Department Using Koala's Distraction Method. Randomized Clinical Trial
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
