Emergencies — Point-of-Care Ultrasonography for Intussusception
Citation(s)
Ahn S, Park SH, Lee KH How to demonstrate similarity by using noninferiority and equivalence statistical testing in radiology research. Radiology. 2013 May;267(2):328-38. doi: 10.1148/radiol.12120725.
American College of Emergency Physicians Emergency ultrasound guidelines. Ann Emerg Med. 2009 Apr;53(4):550-70. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2008.12.013. No abstract available.
Daneman A, Navarro O Intussusception. Part 1: a review of diagnostic approaches. Pediatr Radiol. 2003 Feb;33(2):79-85. doi: 10.1007/s00247-002-0832-2. Epub 2002 Nov 19.
Daneman A, Navarro O Intussusception. Part 2: An update on the evolution of management. Pediatr Radiol. 2004 Feb;34(2):97-108; quiz 187. doi: 10.1007/s00247-003-1082-7. Epub 2003 Nov 21.
Hryhorczuk AL, Strouse PJ Validation of US as a first-line diagnostic test for assessment of pediatric ileocolic intussusception. Pediatr Radiol. 2009 Oct;39(10):1075-9. doi: 10.1007/s00247-009-1353-z. Epub 2009 Aug 6.
Lam SH, Wise A, Yenter C Emergency bedside ultrasound for the diagnosis of pediatric intussusception: a retrospective review. World J Emerg Med. 2014;5(4):255-8. doi: 10.5847/wjem.j.issn.1920-8642.2014.04.002.
Riera A, Hsiao AL, Langhan ML, Goodman TR, Chen L Diagnosis of intussusception by physician novice sonographers in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med. 2012 Sep;60(3):264-8. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2012.02.007. Epub 2012 Mar 15.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
