Kreuer S, Wilhelm W, Grundmann U, Larsen R, Bruhn J Narcotrend index versus bispectral index as electroencephalogram measures of anesthetic drug effect during propofol anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 2004 Mar;98(3):692-7, table of contents. doi: 10.1213/01.ane
Lewis SR, Pritchard MW, Fawcett LJ, Punjasawadwong Y Bispectral index for improving intraoperative awareness and early postoperative recovery in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Sep 26;9(9):CD003843. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003843.pub4.
Riker RR, Fraser GL, Wilkins ML Comparing the bispectral index and suppression ratio with burst suppression of the electroencephalogram during pentobarbital infusions in adult intensive care patients. Pharmacotherapy. 2003 Sep;23(9):1087-93. doi: 10.1592
Selig C, Riegger C, Dirks B, Pawlik M, Seyfried T, Klingler W Bispectral index (BIS) and suppression ratio (SR) as an early predictor of unfavourable neurological outcome after cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2014 Feb;85(2):221-6. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscita
Bispectral Index, Suppression Rate and Recovery Agitation in Spine Surgeries
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.