Embolism and Thrombosis — Comparison of Accidents and Their Circumstances With Oral Anticoagulants
Citation(s)
Adam SS, McDuffie JR, Ortel TL, Williams JW Jr Comparative effectiveness of warfarin and new oral anticoagulants for the management of atrial fibrillation and venous thromboembolism: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2012 Dec 4;157(11):796-807. Review.
Kearon C Natural history of venous thromboembolism. Circulation. 2003 Jun 17;107(23 Suppl 1):I22-30. Review.
Larsen TB, Rasmussen LH, Skjøth F, Due KM, Callréus T, Rosenzweig M, Lip GY Efficacy and safety of dabigatran etexilate and warfarin in "real-world" patients with atrial fibrillation: a prospective nationwide cohort study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013 Jun 4;61(22):2264-73. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.03.020. Epub 2013 Apr 3.
Mantilla CB, Horlocker TT, Schroeder DR, Berry DJ, Brown DL Frequency of myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, deep venous thrombosis, and death following primary hip or knee arthroplasty. Anesthesiology. 2002 May;96(5):1140-6. Erratum in: Anesthesiology 2002 Aug;97(2):531.
Miller CS, Grandi SM, Shimony A, Filion KB, Eisenberg MJ Meta-analysis of efficacy and safety of new oral anticoagulants (dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban) versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 2012 Aug 1;110(3):453-60. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.03.049. Epub 2012 Apr 24. Review.
Uchino K, Hernandez AV Dabigatran association with higher risk of acute coronary events: meta-analysis of noninferiority randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med. 2012 Mar 12;172(5):397-402. doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2011.1666. Epub 2012 Jan 9. Review.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
