Electromyography — Age-related Differences in Shoulder Dynamic and Isometric Contractions
Citation(s)
Lirio-Romero C, Anders C, De La Villa-Polo P, Torres-Lacomba M Implications on older women of age- and sex-related differences in activation patterns of shoulder muscles: A cross-sectional study. J Women Aging. 2019 Nov-Dec;31(6):492-512. doi: 10.1080/08952841.2018.1521654. Epub 2018 Sep 25.
McManus L, De Vito G, Lowery MM Analysis and Biophysics of Surface EMG for Physiotherapists and Kinesiologists: Toward a Common Language With Rehabilitation Engineers. Front Neurol. 2020 Oct 15;11:576729. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2020.576729. eCollection 2020.
Medved V, Medved S, Kovac I Critical Appraisal of Surface Electromyography (sEMG) as a Taught Subject and Clinical Tool in Medicine and Kinesiology. Front Neurol. 2020 Oct 26;11:560363. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2020.560363. eCollection 2020. Review.
Age-related Differences in Motor Recruitment Patterns of the Shoulder in Dynamic and Isometric Contractions. A Cross-sectional Study
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
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Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
