Androsova G, Krause R, Winterer G, Schneider R Biomarkers of postoperative delirium and cognitive dysfunction. Front Aging Neurosci. 2015 Jun 9;7:112. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00112. eCollection 2015.
BEDFORD PD Adverse cerebral effects of anaesthesia on old people. Lancet. 1955 Aug 6;269(6884):259-63. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(55)92689-1. No abstract available.
Bennett C, Voss LJ, Barnard JP, Sleigh JW Practical use of the raw electroencephalogram waveform during general anesthesia: the art and science. Anesth Analg. 2009 Aug;109(2):539-50. doi: 10.1213/ane.0b013e3181a9fc38.
Brice DD, Hetherington RR, Utting JE A simple study of awareness and dreaming during anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth. 1970 Jun;42(6):535-42. doi: 10.1093/bja/42.6.535. No abstract available.
Brown EN, Lydic R, Schiff ND General anesthesia, sleep, and coma. N Engl J Med. 2010 Dec 30;363(27):2638-50. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra0808281. No abstract available.
Bruhn J, Bouillon TW, Shafer SL Bispectral index (BIS) and burst suppression: revealing a part of the BIS algorithm. J Clin Monit Comput. 2000;16(8):593-6. doi: 10.1023/A:1012216600170.
Chan MT, Cheng BC, Lee TM, Gin T; CODA Trial Group BIS-guided anesthesia decreases postoperative delirium and cognitive decline. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2013 Jan;25(1):33-42. doi: 10.1097/ANA.0b013e3182712fba.
Chemali J, Ching S, Purdon PL, Solt K, Brown EN Burst suppression probability algorithms: state-space methods for tracking EEG burst suppression. J Neural Eng. 2013 Oct;10(5):056017. doi: 10.1088/1741-2560/10/5/056017. Epub 2013 Sep 10.
Ching S, Cimenser A, Purdon PL, Brown EN, Kopell NJ Thalamocortical model for a propofol-induced alpha-rhythm associated with loss of consciousness. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Dec 28;107(52):22665-70. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1017069108. Epub 2010 Dec 13.
Hussain M, Berger M, Eckenhoff RG, Seitz DP General anesthetic and the risk of dementia in elderly patients: current insights. Clin Interv Aging. 2014 Sep 24;9:1619-28. doi: 10.2147/CIA.S49680. eCollection 2014.
Krenk L, Rasmussen LS Postoperative delirium and postoperative cognitive dysfunction in the elderly - what are the differences? Minerva Anestesiol. 2011 Jul;77(7):742-9.
Mapleson WW Effect of age on MAC in humans: a meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth. 1996 Feb;76(2):179-85. doi: 10.1093/bja/76.2.179.
Marcantonio ER, Ngo LH, O'Connor M, Jones RN, Crane PK, Metzger ED, Inouye SK 3D-CAM: derivation and validation of a 3-minute diagnostic interview for CAM-defined delirium: a cross-sectional diagnostic test study. Ann Intern Med. 2014 Oct 21;161(8):554-61. doi: 10.7326/M14-0865. Erratum In: Ann Intern Med. 2014 Nov 18;161(10):764.
Myles PS, Leslie K, McNeil J, Forbes A, Chan MT Bispectral index monitoring to prevent awareness during anaesthesia: the B-Aware randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2004 May 29;363(9423):1757-63. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16300-9.
Purdon PL, Sampson A, Pavone KJ, Brown EN Clinical Electroencephalography for Anesthesiologists: Part I: Background and Basic Signatures. Anesthesiology. 2015 Oct;123(4):937-60. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000841.
Radtke FM, Franck M, Lendner J, Kruger S, Wernecke KD, Spies CD Monitoring depth of anaesthesia in a randomized trial decreases the rate of postoperative delirium but not postoperative cognitive dysfunction. Br J Anaesth. 2013 Jun;110 Suppl 1:i98-105. doi: 10.1093/bja/aet055. Epub 2013 Mar 28.
Rundshagen I Postoperative cognitive dysfunction. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2014 Feb 21;111(8):119-25. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.2014.0119.
Steinmetz J, Rasmussen LS Peri-operative cognitive dysfunction and protection. Anaesthesia. 2016 Jan;71 Suppl 1:58-63. doi: 10.1111/anae.13308.
Strom C, Rasmussen LS, Sieber FE Should general anaesthesia be avoided in the elderly? Anaesthesia. 2014 Jan;69 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):35-44. doi: 10.1111/anae.12493.
Vutskits L, Xie Z Lasting impact of general anaesthesia on the brain: mechanisms and relevance. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2016 Oct 18;17(11):705-717. doi: 10.1038/nrn.2016.128.
Cognitive Outcomes and Neuroimages Associated With Anesthesia-Related EEG Signatures
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.