Abdel-Aziz K, Larner AJ Six-item cognitive impairment test (6CIT): pragmatic diagnostic accuracy study for dementia and MCI. Int Psychogeriatr. 2015 Jun;27(6):991-7. doi: 10.1017/S1041610214002932. Epub 2015 Jan 29.
Reed, R A., et al., Acute Low and Moderate Doses of a Caffeine-Free Polyphenol-Rich Coffeeberry Extract Improve Feelings of Alertness and Fatigue Resulting from the Performance of Fatiguing Cognitive Tasks. Journal of Cognitive Enhancement, 2018.
Sarubbo F, Moranta D, Pani G Dietary polyphenols and neurogenesis: Molecular interactions and implication for brain ageing and cognition. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2018 Jul;90:456-470. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.05.011. Epub 2018 May 23.
Schuster J, Mitchell ES More than just caffeine: psychopharmacology of methylxanthine interactions with plant-derived phytochemicals. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2019 Mar 8;89:263-274. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.09.005. Epub 2018 Sep 10.
Shukitt-Hale B, Miller MG, Chu YF, Lyle BJ, Joseph JA Coffee, but not caffeine, has positive effects on cognition and psychomotor behavior in aging. Age (Dordr). 2013 Dec;35(6):2183-92. doi: 10.1007/s11357-012-9509-4. Epub 2013 Jan 24.
Whyte AR, Cheng N, Fromentin E, Williams CM A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Study to Compare the Safety and Efficacy of Low Dose Enhanced Wild Blueberry Powder and Wild Blueberry Extract (ThinkBlue) in Maintenance of Episodic and Working Memory in Older Adults. Nutrients. 2018 May 23;10(6):660. doi: 10.3390/nu10060660.
Yashin A, Yashin Y, Wang JY, Nemzer B Antioxidant and Antiradical Activity of Coffee. Antioxidants (Basel). 2013 Oct 15;2(4):230-45. doi: 10.3390/antiox2040230.
Longitudinal Study to Assess the Effects of Whole Coffee Cherry Extract (WCCE)
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
