Echocardiography — Echocardiography Guided Fluid Resuscitation in Critically Ill Patients.
Citation(s)
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Chen C, Kollef MH Conservative fluid therapy in septic shock: an example of targeted therapeutic minimization. Crit Care. 2014 Aug 29;18(4):481. doi: 10.1186/s13054-014-0481-5. Review.
Frazee E, Kashani K Fluid Management for Critically Ill Patients: A Review of the Current State of Fluid Therapy in the Intensive Care Unit. Kidney Dis (Basel). 2016 Jun;2(2):64-71. doi: 10.1159/000446265. Epub 2016 May 18. Review.
Hofer CK, Cannesson M Monitoring fluid responsiveness. Acta Anaesthesiol Taiwan. 2011 Jun;49(2):59-65. doi: 10.1016/j.aat.2011.05.001. Epub 2011 Jun 24. Review.
Jonas MM, Tanser SJ Lithium dilution measurement of cardiac output and arterial pulse waveform analysis: an indicator dilution calibrated beat-by-beat system for continuous estimation of cardiac output. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2002 Jun;8(3):257-61. Review.
Squara P, Cecconi M, Rhodes A, Singer M, Chiche JD Tracking changes in cardiac output: methodological considerations for the validation of monitoring devices. Intensive Care Med. 2009 Oct;35(10):1801-8. doi: 10.1007/s00134-009-1570-9. Epub 2009 Jul 11.
Teboul JL, Monnet X Prediction of volume responsiveness in critically ill patients with spontaneous breathing activity. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2008 Jun;14(3):334-9. doi: 10.1097/MCC.0b013e3282fd6e1e. Review.
Vincent JL "Let's give some fluid and see what happens" versus the "mini-fluid challenge". Anesthesiology. 2011 Sep;115(3):455-6. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e318229a521.
Echocardiography Guided Fluid Resuscitation in Critically Ill Patients
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
