Dysphagia — Effects of IOPI on Swallowing Function and Functional Status in Geriatric Patients
Citation(s)
Adams V, Mathisen B, Baines S, Lazarus C, Callister R Reliability of measurements of tongue and hand strength and endurance using the Iowa Oral Performance Instrument with elderly adults. Disabil Rehabil. 2015;37(5):389-95. doi: 10.3109/09638288.2014.921245. Epub 2014 May 22.
Aoki, Y , Kabuto, S., Ozeki, Y., Tanaka, T., amp; Ota, K. (2015). The effect of tongue pressure strengthening exercise for dysphagic patients. Japanese Journal of Comprehensive Rehabilitation Science, 6, 129-136.
Kim, S , Kim, M., Lee, S., Choi, B., amp; Heo, Y. (2019). The Effects of Orofacial Myofunctional Training on the Changes of Lip and Tongue Strength in Elderly People. Journal of Dental Hygiene Science, 19(4), 279-287. doi:https://doi.org/10.17135/jdhs.2019.19.4.279
Namasivayam-MacDonald AM, Riquelme LF Presbyphagia to Dysphagia: Multiple Perspectives and Strategies for Quality Care of Older Adults. Semin Speech Lang. 2019 Jun;40(3):227-242. doi: 10.1055/s-0039-1688837. Epub 2019 Jun 3. Review.
Park JS, Lee SH, Jung SH, Choi JB, Jung YJ Tongue strengthening exercise is effective in improving the oropharyngeal muscles associated with swallowing in community-dwelling older adults in South Korea: A randomized trial. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019 Oct;98(40):e17304. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000017304.
Sagawa K, Furuya H, Ohara Y, Yoshida M, Hirano H, Iijima K, Kikutani T Tongue function is important for masticatory performance in the healthy elderly: a cross-sectional survey of community-dwelling elderly. J Prosthodont Res. 2019 Jan;63(1):31-34. doi: 10.1016/j.jpor.2018.03.006. Epub 2018 Sep 7.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
