Dysphagia — Neuromuscular Electroestimulation and Respiratory Muscle Training in Subacute Stroke
Citation(s)
Chiara T, Martin AD, Davenport PW, Bolser DC Expiratory muscle strength training in persons with multiple sclerosis having mild to moderate disability: effect on maximal expiratory pressure, pulmonary function, and maximal voluntary cough. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2006 Apr;87(4):468-73.
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Kulnik ST, Birring SS, Moxham J, Rafferty GF, Kalra L Does respiratory muscle training improve cough flow in acute stroke? Pilot randomized controlled trial. Stroke. 2015 Feb;46(2):447-53. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.007110. Epub 2014 Dec 11.
Logemann JA The effects of VitalStim on clinical and research thinking in dysphagia. Dysphagia. 2007 Jan;22(1):11-2. Epub 2007 Jan 10.
Wheeler KM, Chiara T, Sapienza CM Surface electromyographic activity of the submental muscles during swallow and expiratory pressure threshold training tasks. Dysphagia. 2007 Apr;22(2):108-16. Epub 2007 Feb 10.
Neuromuscular Electroestimulation and Respiratory Muscle Training in the Management of Dysphagia of Subacute Stroke Patients
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
