Dual Diagnosis — Matching, Outcomes and Costs in Substance Abuse/Psychiatric Treatment
Citation(s)
Chen S, Barnett PG, Sempel JM, Timko C Outcomes and costs of matching the intensity of dual-diagnosis treatment to patients' symptom severity. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2006 Jul;31(1):95-105.
Timko C, Lesar M, Calvi NJ, Moos RH Trends in acute mental health care: comparing psychiatric and substance abuse treatment programs. J Behav Health Serv Res. 2003 Apr-Jun;30(2):145-60.
Timko C, Lesar M, Engelbrekt M, Moos RH Changes in services and structure in community residential treatment facilities for substance abuse patients. Psychiatr Serv. 2000 Apr;51(4):494-8.
Timko C, Sempel JM, Moos RH Models of standard and intensive outpatient care in substance abuse and psychiatric treatment. Adm Policy Ment Health. 2003 May;30(5):417-36.
Timko C, Sempel JM Intensity of acute services, self-help attendance and one-year outcomes among dual diagnosis patients. J Stud Alcohol. 2004 Mar;65(2):274-82.
Timko C, Sempel JM Short-term outcomes of matching dual diagnosis patients' symptom severity to treatment intensity. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2004 Apr;26(3):209-18.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
