Drug Reaction — Motion Sickness Medications and Vestibular Time Constant
Citation(s)
Bar R, Gil A, Tal D Safety of double-dose transdermal scopolamine. Pharmacotherapy. 2009 Sep;29(9):1082-8. doi: 10.1592/phco.29.9.1082.
Cheung BS, Howard IP, Money KE Visually-induced sickness in normal and bilaterally labyrinthine-defective subjects. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1991 Jun;62(6):527-31.
Dai M, Raphan T, Cohen B Prolonged reduction of motion sickness sensitivity by visual-vestibular interaction. Exp Brain Res. 2011 May;210(3-4):503-13. doi: 10.1007/s00221-011-2548-8. Epub 2011 Feb 2.
Golding JF, Gresty MA Pathophysiology and treatment of motion sickness. Curr Opin Neurol. 2015 Feb;28(1):83-8. doi: 10.1097/WCO.0000000000000163. Review.
Ishiyama A, López I, Wackym PA Molecular characterization of muscarinic receptors in the human vestibular periphery. Implications for pharmacotherapy. Am J Otol. 1997 Sep;18(5):648-54.
Phelan KD, Nakamura J, Gallagher JP Histamine depolarizes rat medial vestibular nucleus neurons recorded intracellularly in vitro. Neurosci Lett. 1990 Feb 16;109(3):287-92.
Pyykkö I, Schalén L, Matsuoka I Transdermally administered scopolamine vs. dimenhydrinate. II. Effect on different types of nystagmus. Acta Otolaryngol. 1985 May-Jun;99(5-6):597-604.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
