Down Syndrome — Effects of Karate in Adolescents With Down Syndrome
Citation(s)
Andriolo RB, El Dib RP, Ramos L, Atallah AN, da Silva EM Aerobic exercise training programmes for improving physical and psychosocial health in adults with Down syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 May 12;(5):CD005176. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005176.pub4. Review.
Barr M, Shields N Identifying the barriers and facilitators to participation in physical activity for children with Down syndrome. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2011 Nov;55(11):1020-33. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2011.01425.x. Epub 2011 May 10.
Casey AF, Wang X, Osterling K Test-retest reliability of the 6-minute walk test in individuals with Down syndrome. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012 Nov;93(11):2068-74. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2012.04.022. Epub 2012 May 7.
Chen CC, Ringenbach SD, Crews D, Kulinna PH, Amazeen EL The association between a single bout of moderate physical activity and executive function in young adults with Down syndrome: a preliminary study. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2015 Jul;59(7):589-98. doi: 10.1111/jir.12163. Epub 2014 Aug 29.
Elmahgoub SS, Van de Velde A, Peersman W, Cambier D, Calders P Reproducibility, validity and predictors of six-minute walk test in overweight and obese adolescents with intellectual disability. Disabil Rehabil. 2012;34(10):846-51. doi: 10.3109/09638288.2011.623757. Epub 2011 Dec 10.
Mendonca GV, Pereira FD, Fernhall B Reduced exercise capacity in persons with Down syndrome: cause, effect, and management. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2010 Dec 8;6:601-10. doi: 10.2147/TCRM.S10235.
Shields N, Dodd KJ, Abblitt C Do children with Down syndrome perform sufficient physical activity to maintain good health? A pilot study. Adapt Phys Activ Q. 2009 Oct;26(4):307-20.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
