Distortion — Effects of 8-weeks Systematic Corrective Exercise Program in Pronation Distortion Syndrome
Citation(s)
Alam F, Raza S, Moiz JA, Bhati P, Anwer S, Alghadir A Effects of selective strengthening of tibialis posterior and stretching of iliopsoas on navicular drop, dynamic balance, and lower limb muscle activity in pronated feet: A randomized clinical trial. Phys Sportsmed. 2019 Sep;47(3):301-311. doi: 10.1080/00913847.2018.1553466. Epub 2018 Dec 5.
Golchini A, Rahnama N, Lotfi-Foroushani M Effect of Systematic Corrective Exercises on the Static and Dynamic Balance of Patients with Pronation Distortion Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial Study. Int J Prev Med. 2021 Oct 19;12:129. doi: 10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_303_19. eCollection 2021.
Goo YM, Kim TH, Lim JY The effects of gluteus maximus and abductor hallucis strengthening exercises for four weeks on navicular drop and lower extremity muscle activity during gait with flatfoot. J Phys Ther Sci. 2016 Mar;28(3):911-5. doi: 10.1589/jpts.28.911. Epub 2016 Mar 31.
Haun C, Brown CN, Hannigan K, Johnson ST The Effects of the Short Foot Exercise on Navicular Drop: A Critically Appraised Topic. J Sport Rehabil. 2020 May 8;30(1):152-157. doi: 10.1123/jsr.2019-0437.
Jafarnezhadgero A, Mousavi SH, Madadi-Shad M, Hijmans JM Quantifying lower limb inter-joint coordination and coordination variability after four-month wearing arch support foot orthoses in children with flexible flat feet. Hum Mov Sci. 2020 Apr;70:102593. doi: 10.1016/j.humov.2020.102593. Epub 2020 Feb 28. Erratum In: Hum Mov Sci. 2020 Jun;71:102613.
Ore V, Nasic S, Riad J Lower extremity range of motion and alignment: A reliability and concurrent validity study of goniometric and three-dimensional motion analysis measurement. Heliyon. 2020 Aug 25;6(8):e04713. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04713. eCollection 2020 Aug.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
