Discoloration, Tooth — Enamel Abrasion and Stain Removal Efficacy
Citation(s)
Barbieri GM, Mota EG, Rodrigues-Junior SA, Burnett LH Jr Effect of whitening dentifrices on the surface roughness of commercial composites. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2011 Oct;23(5):338-45. doi: 10.1111/j.1708-8240.2011.00426.x. Epub 2011 May 9.
Black MA, Bayne SC, Peterson CA Effect of power toothbrushing on simulated wear of dental cement margins. J Dent Hyg. 2007 Fall;81(4):79. Epub 2007 Oct 1.
Brooks JK, Bashirelahi N, Reynolds MA Charcoal and charcoal-based dentifrices: A literature review. J Am Dent Assoc. 2017 Sep;148(9):661-670. doi: 10.1016/j.adaj.2017.05.001. Epub 2017 Jun 7. Review.
Carey CM Tooth whitening: what we now know. J Evid Based Dent Pract. 2014 Jun;14 Suppl:70-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jebdp.2014.02.006. Epub 2014 Feb 13. Review.
Gerlach RW, Barker ML, Tucker HL Clinical response of three whitening products having different peroxide delivery: comparison of tray, paint-on gel, and dentifrice. J Clin Dent. 2004;15(4):112-7.
Johannsen G, Tellefsen G, Johannsen A, Liljeborg A The importance of measuring toothpaste abrasivity in both a quantitative and qualitative way. Acta Odontol Scand. 2013 May-Jul;71(3-4):508-17. doi: 10.3109/00016357.2012.696693. Epub 2012 Jul 2.
Joiner A Review of the extrinsic stain removal and enamel/dentine abrasion by a calcium carbonate and perlite containing whitening toothpaste. Int Dent J. 2006 Aug;56(4):175-80. Review.
Joiner A Whitening toothpastes: a review of the literature. J Dent. 2010;38 Suppl 2:e17-24. doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2010.05.017. Epub 2010 May 24. Review.
Kalyana P, Shashidhar A, Meghashyam B, Sreevidya KR, Sweta S Stain removal efficacy of a novel dentifrice containing papain and Bromelain extracts--an in vitro study. Int J Dent Hyg. 2011 Aug;9(3):229-33. doi: 10.1111/j.1601-5037.2010.00473.x. Epub 2010 Jul 1.
Özkan P, Kansu G, Özak ST, Kurtulmus-Yilmaz S, Kansu P Effect of bleaching agents and whitening dentifrices on the surface roughness of human teeth enamel. Acta Odontol Scand. 2013 May-Jul;71(3-4):488-97. doi: 10.3109/00016357.2012.696691. Epub 2012 Jul 2.
Patil PA, Ankola AV, Hebbal MI, Patil AC Comparison of effectiveness of abrasive and enzymatic action of whitening toothpastes in removal of extrinsic stains - a clinical trial. Int J Dent Hyg. 2015 Feb;13(1):25-9. doi: 10.1111/idh.12090. Epub 2014 Jul 21.
Watts A, Addy M Tooth discolouration and staining: a review of the literature. Br Dent J. 2001 Mar 24;190(6):309-16. Review.
Wülknitz P Cleaning power and abrasivity of European toothpastes. Adv Dent Res. 1997 Nov;11(4):576-9.
Zafar MS, Ahmed N Nanomechanical characterization of exfoliated and retained deciduous incisors. Technol Health Care. 2014;22(6):785-93. doi: 10.3233/THC-140852.
Enamel Abrasion and Stain Removal Efficacy of Two Whitening Toothpastes
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.