Gomes-Neto M, Durães AR, Conceição LSR, Roever L, Silva CM, Alves IGN, Ellingsen Ø, Carvalho VO Effect of combined aerobic and resistance training on peak oxygen consumption, muscle strength and health-related quality of life in patients with heart failure with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol. 2019 Oct 15;293:165-175. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.02.050. Epub 2019 Jun 24.
Lachowska K, Bellwon J, Morys J, Gruchala M, Hering D Slow breathing improves cardiovascular reactivity to mental stress and health-related quality of life in heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction. Cardiol J. 2019 Jan 30. doi: 10.5603/CJ.a2019.0002. [Epub ahead of print]
Neto MG, Martinez BP, Conceição CS, Silva PE, Carvalho VO Combined Exercise and Inspiratory Muscle Training in Patients With Heart Failure: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2016 Nov/Dec;36(6):395-401. Review.
Russo MA, Santarelli DM, O'Rourke D The physiological effects of slow breathing in the healthy human. Breathe (Sheff). 2017 Dec;13(4):298-309. doi: 10.1183/20734735.009817.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
