Dietary Modifications — Absorption and Metabolism of Dietary Phenolics From Raspberries
Citation(s)
Cassidy A, Mukamal KJ, Liu L, Franz M, Eliassen AH, Rimm EB High anthocyanin intake is associated with a reduced risk of myocardial infarction in young and middle-aged women. Circulation. 2013 Jan 15;127(2):188-96. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.122408.
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Fang J Some anthocyanins could be efficiently absorbed across the gastrointestinal mucosa: extensive presystemic metabolism reduces apparent bioavailability. J Agric Food Chem. 2014 May 7;62(18):3904-11. doi: 10.1021/jf405356b. Epub 2014 Mar 31. Review.
González-Barrio R, Borges G, Mullen W, Crozier A Bioavailability of anthocyanins and ellagitannins following consumption of raspberries by healthy humans and subjects with an ileostomy. J Agric Food Chem. 2010 Apr 14;58(7):3933-9. doi: 10.1021/jf100315d.
González-Barrio R, Edwards CA, Crozier A Colonic catabolism of ellagitannins, ellagic acid, and raspberry anthocyanins: in vivo and in vitro studies. Drug Metab Dispos. 2011 Sep;39(9):1680-8. doi: 10.1124/dmd.111.039651. Epub 2011 May 27.
Stalmach A, Edwards CA, Wightman JD, Crozier A Gastrointestinal stability and bioavailability of (poly)phenolic compounds following ingestion of Concord grape juice by humans. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2012 Mar;56(3):497-509. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201100566. Epub 2012 Feb 14.
Stalmach A, Edwards CA, Wightman JD, Crozier A Identification of (poly)phenolic compounds in concord grape juice and their metabolites in human plasma and urine after juice consumption. J Agric Food Chem. 2011 Sep 14;59(17):9512-22. doi: 10.1021/jf2015039. Epub 2011 Aug 12.
Bioavailability of Anthocyanins in Humans Following the Ingestion of Berries and Grapes
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
