Del Rio D, Rodriguez-Mateos A, Spencer JP, Tognolini M, Borges G, Crozier A Dietary (poly)phenolics in human health: structures, bioavailability, and evidence of protective effects against chronic diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2013 May 10;18(14):1818-92. doi: 10.1089/ars.2012.4581. Epub 2012 Aug 27. Review.
Mateo Anson N, Hemery YM, Bast A, Haenen GR Optimizing the bioactive potential of wheat bran by processing. Food Funct. 2012 Apr;3(4):362-75. doi: 10.1039/c2fo10241b. Epub 2012 Feb 15. Review.
Stalmach A, Steiling H, Williamson G, Crozier A Bioavailability of chlorogenic acids following acute ingestion of coffee by humans with an ileostomy. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2010 Sep 1;501(1):98-105. doi: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.03.005. Epub 2010 Mar 11.
Truswell AS Cereal grains and coronary heart disease. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2002 Jan;56(1):1-14. Review.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
