Celik M, Cerrah S, Arabul M, Akalin A Relation of asymmetric dimethylarginine levels to macrovascular disease and inflammation markers in type 2 diabetic patients. J Diabetes Res. 2014;2014:139215. doi: 10.1155/2014/139215. Epub 2014 Apr 3.
Du JH, Li X, Li R, Xu L, Ma RR, Liu SF, Zhang Z, Sun HZ Elevation of serum apelin-13 associated with proliferative diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetic patients. Int J Ophthalmol. 2014 Dec 18;7(6):968-73. doi: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2014.06.10. eCollection 2014.
Ersoy B, Eroglu N, Çetin M, Onur E, Özkol M, Coskun S Asymmetric dimethylarginine levels and diabetes duration: Relationship with measures of subclinical atherosclerosis and cardiac function in children and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes. Diab Vasc Dis Res. 2018 May;15(3):196-203. doi: 10.1177/1479164118757921. Epub 2018 Mar 2.
Liu L, Wu X, Liu L, Geng J, Yuan Z, Shan Z, Chen L Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in mainland China: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2012;7(9):e45264. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045264. Epub 2012 Sep 20.
Lluch P, Segarra G, Medina P Asymmetric dimethylarginine as a mediator of vascular dysfunction in cirrhosis. World J Gastroenterol. 2015 Aug 28;21(32):9466-75. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i32.9466. Review.
Marcovecchio ML, Widmer B, Turner C, Dunger DB, Dalton RN Asymmetric dimethylarginine in young people with Type 1 diabetes: a paradoxical association with HbA(1c). Diabet Med. 2011 Jun;28(6):685-91. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03252.x.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
