Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 — Canagliflozin-Mealtime Insulin Rescue
Citation(s)
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Brownlee M, Hirsch IB Glycemic variability: a hemoglobin A1c-independent risk factor for diabetic complications. JAMA. 2006 Apr 12;295(14):1707-8.
Budnitz DS, Lovegrove MC, Shehab N, Richards CL Emergency hospitalizations for adverse drug events in older Americans. N Engl J Med. 2011 Nov 24;365(21):2002-12. doi: 10.1056/NEJMsa1103053.
Home PD, Fritsche A, Schinzel S, Massi-Benedetti M Meta-analysis of individual patient data to assess the risk of hypoglycaemia in people with type 2 diabetes using NPH insulin or insulin glargine. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2010 Sep;12(9):772-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2010.01232.x. Review.
Johnston SS, Conner C, Aagren M, Smith DM, Bouchard J, Brett J Evidence linking hypoglycemic events to an increased risk of acute cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2011 May;34(5):1164-70. doi: 10.2337/dc10-1915. Epub 2011 Mar 18.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
