Diabetes Mellitus — Diabetes Diagnosis, Management, Prevention and Education in Guinea-Bissau
Citation(s)
Aaby P, Benn CS BCG: new life for a centenarian vaccine. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021 Jul;21(7):897-898. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30714-3. Epub 2021 Feb 17. No abstract available.
Abdulrehman MS, Woith W, Jenkins S, Kossman S, Hunter GL Exploring Cultural Influences of Self-Management of Diabetes in Coastal Kenya: An Ethnography. Glob Qual Nurs Res. 2016 Apr 8;3:2333393616641825. doi: 10.1177/2333393616641825. eCollection 2016 Jan-Dec.
Awah PK, Unwin NC, Phillimore PR Diabetes Mellitus: Indigenous naming, indigenous diagnosis and self-management in an African setting: the example from Cameroon. BMC Endocr Disord. 2009 Feb 19;9:5. doi: 10.1186/1472-6823-9-5.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.