Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 — Heat Therapy in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Citation(s)
Brunt VE, Howard MJ, Francisco MA, Ely BR, Minson CT Passive heat therapy improves endothelial function, arterial stiffness and blood pressure in sedentary humans. J Physiol. 2016 Sep 15;594(18):5329-42. doi: 10.1113/JP272453. Epub 2016 Jun 30.
Hoekstra SP, Bishop NC, Faulkner SH, Bailey SJ, Leicht CA Acute and chronic effects of hot water immersion on inflammation and metabolism in sedentary, overweight adults. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2018 Dec 1;125(6):2008-2018. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00407.2018. Epub 2018 Oct 18.
Hooper PL, Balogh G, Rivas E, Kavanagh K, Vigh L The importance of the cellular stress response in the pathogenesis and treatment of type 2 diabetes. Cell Stress Chaperones. 2014 Jul;19(4):447-64. doi: 10.1007/s12192-014-0493-8. Epub 2014 Feb 13.
Hooper PL Hot-tub therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1999 Sep 16;341(12):924-5. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199909163411216. No abstract available.
Romeo GR, Lee J, Shoelson SE Metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and roles of inflammation--mechanisms and therapeutic targets. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2012 Aug;32(8):1771-6. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.111.241869.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
