American Diabetes Association 14. Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2020. Diabetes Care. 2020 Jan;43(Suppl 1):S183-S192. doi: 10.2337/dc20-S014.
American Diabetes Association 6. Glycemic Targets: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2019. Diabetes Care. 2019 Jan;42(Suppl 1):S61-S70. doi: 10.2337/dc19-S006.
Carpenter MW, Coustan DR Criteria for screening tests for gestational diabetes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1982 Dec 1;144(7):768-73. doi: 10.1016/0002-9378(82)90349-0.
Fraser R Diabetic control in pregnancy and intrauterine growth of the fetus. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1995 Apr;102(4):275-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1995.tb09130.x. No abstract available.
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Hernandez TL Glycemic targets in pregnancies affected by diabetes: historical perspective and future directions. Curr Diab Rep. 2015 Jan;15(1):565. doi: 10.1007/s11892-014-0565-2.
Metzger BE, Coustan DR Summary and recommendations of the Fourth International Workshop-Conference on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. The Organizing Committee. Diabetes Care. 1998 Aug;21 Suppl 2:B161-7. No abstract available.
Thompson DM, Dansereau J, Creed M, Ridell L Tight glucose control results in normal perinatal outcome in 150 patients with gestational diabetes. Obstet Gynecol. 1994 Mar;83(3):362-6.
Tight Versus Standard Glycemic Targets for Pregnant Women With Gestational Diabetes and Type 2 Diabetes
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
