Carmeliet P Angiogenesis in health and disease. Nat Med. 2003 Jun;9(6):653-60. doi: 10.1038/nm0603-653.
Devaraj S, Chien A, Rao B, Chen X, Jialal I Modulation of endothelial progenitor cell number and function with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Atherosclerosis. 2013 May;228(1):94-7. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.02.036. Epub 2013 Mar 13.
Gentry T, Foster S, Winstead L, Deibert E, Fiordalisi M, Balber A Simultaneous isolation of human BM hematopoietic, endothelial and mesenchymal progenitor cells by flow sorting based on aldehyde dehydrogenase activity: implications for cell therapy. Cytotherapy. 2007;9(3):259-74. doi: 10.1080/14653240701218516.
Isner JM, Asahara T Angiogenesis and vasculogenesis as therapeutic strategies for postnatal neovascularization. J Clin Invest. 1999 May;103(9):1231-6. doi: 10.1172/JCI6889. No abstract available.
Mechanick JI, Farkouh ME, Newman JD, Garvey WT Cardiometabolic-Based Chronic Disease, Adiposity and Dysglycemia Drivers: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020 Feb 11;75(5):525-538. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.11.044.
Terenzi DC, Al-Omran M, Quan A, Teoh H, Verma S, Hess DA Circulating Pro-Vascular Progenitor Cell Depletion During Type 2 Diabetes: Translational Insights Into the Prevention of Ischemic Complications in Diabetes. JACC Basic Transl Sci. 2018 Nov 5;4(1):98-112. doi: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2018.10.005. eCollection 2019 Feb.
The Icosapent Ethyl and Prevention of Vascular Regenerative Cell Exhaustion Study
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.