Diabetes — Intestinal Sweet Taste Receptor Function and Adaptation to Dietary Sugars and Sweeteners
Citation(s)
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Dyer J, Salmon KS, Zibrik L, Shirazi-Beechey SP Expression of sweet taste receptors of the T1R family in the intestinal tract and enteroendocrine cells. Biochem Soc Trans. 2005 Feb;33(Pt 1):302-5.
Kyriazis GA, Soundarapandian MM, Tyrberg B Sweet taste receptor signaling in beta cells mediates fructose-induced potentiation of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Feb 21;109(8):E524-32. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1115183109. Epub 2012 Feb 6.
Mace OJ, Affleck J, Patel N, Kellett GL Sweet taste receptors in rat small intestine stimulate glucose absorption through apical GLUT2. J Physiol. 2007 Jul 1;582(Pt 1):379-92. Epub 2007 May 10. Erratum in: J Physiol. 2007 Aug 15;583(Pt 1):411.
Pepino MY, Klein S Response to comment on Pepino et al. Sucralose affects glycemic and hormonal responses to an oral glucose load. Diabetes care 2013;36:2530-2535. Diabetes Care. 2014 Jun;37(6):e149. doi: 10.2337/dc14-0268.
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Intestinal Sweet Taste Receptor Function and Adaptation to Dietary Sugars and Sweeteners
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
