Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 — Problem Solving and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Management in Diabetic Blacks
Citation(s)
Hill-Briggs F, Gemmell L, Kulkarni B, Klick B, Brancati FL Associations of patient health-related problem solving with disease control, emergency department visits, and hospitalizations in HIV and diabetes clinic samples. J Gen Intern Med. 2007 May;22(5):649-54.
Hill-Briggs F, Gemmell L Problem solving in diabetes self-management and control: a systematic review of the literature. Diabetes Educ. 2007 Nov-Dec;33(6):1032-50; discussion 1051-2. Review.
Hill-Briggs F, Lazo M, Renosky R, Ewing C Usability of diabetes and cardiovascular disease education module in an African-American, diabetic sample with physical, visual, and cognitive impairment. Rehabilitation Psychology, 2008;53:1-8.
Hill-Briggs F, Smith AS Evaluation of diabetes and cardiovascular disease print patient education materials for use with low-health literate populations. Diabetes Care. 2008 Apr;31(4):667-71. doi: 10.2337/dc07-1365. Epub 2008 Jan 17.
Problem Solving & CVD Risk Management in Diabetic Blacks
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
