Diabete Mellitus — Risk Factors for Acute Kidney Injury in Diabetic Patients
Citation(s)
American Diabetes Association (2) Classification and diagnosis of diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2015 Jan;38 Suppl:S8-S16. doi: 10.2337/dc15-S005. Review.
Aziz Z, Absetz P, Oldroyd J, Pronk NP, Oldenburg B A systematic review of real-world diabetes prevention programs: learnings from the last 15 years. Implement Sci. 2015 Dec 15;10:172. doi: 10.1186/s13012-015-0354-6. Review.
Bienholz A, Wilde B, Kribben A From the nephrologist's point of view: diversity of causes and clinical features of acute kidney injury. Clin Kidney J. 2015 Aug;8(4):405-14. doi: 10.1093/ckj/sfv043. Epub 2015 Jul 9.
DeFronzo RA, Reeves WB, Awad AS Pathophysiology of diabetic kidney disease: impact of SGLT2 inhibitors. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2021 May;17(5):319-334. doi: 10.1038/s41581-021-00393-8. Epub 2021 Feb 5. Review.
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Risk Factors for Acute Kidney Injury in Diabetic Patients
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
