Development — Sensitive Periods in Human Flavor Learning
Citation(s)
Forestell CA, Mennella JA Early determinants of fruit and vegetable acceptance. Pediatrics. 2007 Dec;120(6):1247-54.
Gerrish CJ, Mennella JA Flavor variety enhances food acceptance in formula-fed infants. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001 Jun;73(6):1080-5.
Llewellyn CH, van Jaarsveld CH, Johnson L, Carnell S, Wardle J Development and factor structure of the Baby Eating Behaviour Questionnaire in the Gemini birth cohort. Appetite. 2011 Oct;57(2):388-96. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2011.05.324. Epub 2011 Jun 6.
Mennella JA, Lukasewycz LD, Castor SM, Beauchamp GK The timing and duration of a sensitive period in human flavor learning: a randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011 May;93(5):1019-24. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.110.003541. Epub 2011 Feb 10.
Mennella JA, Nicklaus S, Jagolino AL, Yourshaw LM Variety is the spice of life: strategies for promoting fruit and vegetable acceptance during infancy. Physiol Behav. 2008 Apr 22;94(1):29-38. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.11.014. Epub 2007 Nov 21.
Mennella JA, Pepino MY, Reed DR Genetic and environmental determinants of bitter perception and sweet preferences. Pediatrics. 2005 Feb;115(2):e216-22.
Pliner P, Hobden K Development of a scale to measure the trait of food neophobia in humans. Appetite. 1992 Oct;19(2):105-20.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
