Bastien CH, Vallières A, Morin CM Validation of the Insomnia Severity Index as an outcome measure for insomnia research. Sleep Med. 2001 Jul;2(4):297-307.
Bastounis A, Callaghan P, Banerjee A, Michail M The effectiveness of the Penn Resiliency Programme (PRP) and its adapted versions in reducing depression and anxiety and improving explanatory style: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Adolesc. 2016 Oct;52:37-48. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.07.004. Epub 2016 Aug 2. Review.
Daya Z, Hearn JH Mindfulness interventions in medical education: A systematic review of their impact on medical student stress, depression, fatigue and burnout. Med Teach. 2018 Feb;40(2):146-153. doi: 10.1080/0142159X.2017.1394999. Epub 2017 Nov 7. Review.
Dhalla S, Kopec JA The CAGE questionnaire for alcohol misuse: a review of reliability and validity studies. Clin Invest Med. 2007;30(1):33-41. Review.
Ewing JA Detecting alcoholism. The CAGE questionnaire. JAMA. 1984 Oct 12;252(14):1905-7.
Feng Q, Zhang QL, Du Y, Ye YL, He QQ Associations of physical activity, screen time with depression, anxiety and sleep quality among Chinese college freshmen. PLoS One. 2014 Jun 25;9(6):e100914. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100914. eCollection 2014.
Hope V, Henderson M Medical student depression, anxiety and distress outside North America: a systematic review. Med Educ. 2014 Oct;48(10):963-79. doi: 10.1111/medu.12512. Review.
Huang J, Nigatu YT, Smail-Crevier R, Zhang X, Wang J Interventions for common mental health problems among university and college students: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Psychiatr Res. 2018 Dec;107:1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.09.018. Epub 2018 Sep 29.
Johnson J, Panagioti M Interventions to Improve the Breaking of Bad or Difficult News by Physicians, Medical Students, and Interns/Residents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Acad Med. 2018 Sep;93(9):1400-1412. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000002308.
Knight JR, Sherritt L, Harris SK, Gates EC, Chang G Validity of brief alcohol screening tests among adolescents: a comparison of the AUDIT, POSIT, CAGE, and CRAFFT. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2003 Jan;27(1):67-73.
Lei XY, Xiao LM, Liu YN, Li YM Prevalence of Depression among Chinese University Students: A Meta-Analysis. PLoS One. 2016 Apr 12;11(4):e0153454. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153454. eCollection 2016.
Morin CM, Belleville G, Bélanger L, Ivers H The Insomnia Severity Index: psychometric indicators to detect insomnia cases and evaluate treatment response. Sleep. 2011 May 1;34(5):601-8.
Oswalt SB, Wyatt TJ Sexual orientation and differences in mental health, stress, and academic performance in a national sample of U.S. college students. J Homosex. 2011;58(9):1255-80. doi: 10.1080/00918369.2011.605738.
Pigeon WR, Bishop TM, Krueger KM Insomnia as a Precipitating Factor in New Onset Mental Illness: a Systematic Review of Recent Findings. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2017 Aug;19(8):44. doi: 10.1007/s11920-017-0802-x. Review.
Plöderl M, Tremblay P Mental health of sexual minorities. A systematic review. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2015;27(5):367-85. doi: 10.3109/09540261.2015.1083949. Epub 2015 Nov 9. Review.
Saitz R, Lepore MF, Sullivan LM, Amaro H, Samet JH Alcohol abuse and dependence in Latinos living in the United States: validation of the CAGE (4M) questions. Arch Intern Med. 1999 Apr 12;159(7):718-24.
Stapinski LA, Montgomery AA, Araya R Anxiety, depression and risk of cannabis use: Examining the internalising pathway to use among Chilean adolescents. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016 Sep 1;166:109-15. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.06.032. Epub 2016 Jul 1.
Walton GM, Cohen GL A question of belonging: race, social fit, and achievement. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2007 Jan;92(1):82-96.
WHO ASSIST Working Group The Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST): development, reliability and feasibility. Addiction. 2002 Sep;97(9):1183-94.
Wu X, Tao S, Zhang Y, Zhang S, Tao F Low physical activity and high screen time can increase the risks of mental health problems and poor sleep quality among Chinese college students. PLoS One. 2015 Mar 18;10(3):e0119607. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119607. eCollection 2015.
Prevalence of Mental Health Problems Among Undergraduate Students at the Universidad de Los Andes
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
