Case MA, Burwick HA, Volpp KG, Patel MS Accuracy of smartphone applications and wearable devices for tracking physical activity data. JAMA. 2015 Feb 10;313(6):625-6. doi: 10.1001/jama.2014.17841.
Dickerson SS, Kemeny ME Acute stressors and cortisol responses: a theoretical integration and synthesis of laboratory research. Psychol Bull. 2004 May;130(3):355-91.
Goessl VC, Curtiss JE, Hofmann SG The effect of heart rate variability biofeedback training on stress and anxiety: a meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2017 Nov;47(15):2578-2586. doi: 10.1017/S0033291717001003. Epub 2017 May 8.
Jiménez Morgan S, Molina Mora JA Effect of Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback on Sport Performance, a Systematic Review. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2017 Sep;42(3):235-245. doi: 10.1007/s10484-017-9364-2. Review.
Kalmbach DA, Arnedt JT, Song PX, Guille C, Sen S Sleep Disturbance and Short Sleep as Risk Factors for Depression and Perceived Medical Errors in First-Year Residents. Sleep. 2017 Mar 1;40(3). doi: 10.1093/sleep/zsw073.
Kalmbach DA, Fang Y, Arnedt JT, Cochran AL, Deldin PJ, Kaplin AI, Sen S Effects of Sleep, Physical Activity, and Shift Work on Daily Mood: a Prospective Mobile Monitoring Study of Medical Interns. J Gen Intern Med. 2018 Jun;33(6):914-920. doi: 10.1007/s11606-018-4373-2. Epub 2018 Mar 14.
Mendelsohn D, Despot I, Gooderham PA, Singhal A, Redekop GJ, Toyota BD Impact of work hours and sleep on well-being and burnout for physicians-in-training: the Resident Activity Tracker Evaluation Study. Med Educ. 2019 Mar;53(3):306-315. doi: 10.1111/medu.13757. Epub 2018 Nov 28.
Raj KS Well-Being in Residency: A Systematic Review. J Grad Med Educ. 2016 Dec;8(5):674-684. doi: 10.4300/JGME-D-15-00764.1. Review.
Sekiguchi Y, Adams WM, Benjamin CL, Curtis RM, Giersch GEW, Casa DJ Relationships between resting heart rate, heart rate variability and sleep characteristics among female collegiate cross-country athletes. J Sleep Res. 2019 Dec;28(6):e12836. doi: 10.1111/jsr.12836. Epub 2019 Mar 6.
Shaffer F, Ginsberg JP An Overview of Heart Rate Variability Metrics and Norms. Front Public Health. 2017 Sep 28;5:258. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2017.00258. eCollection 2017. Review.
West CP, Shanafelt TD, Cook DA Lack of association between resident doctors' well-being and medical knowledge. Med Educ. 2010 Dec;44(12):1224-31. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2923.2010.03803.x.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
