Depression — "Consultation Liaison and Integrated Care for COPD Patients With Psychiatric Co-Morbidity"
Citation(s)
Cao Z, Ong KC, Eng P, Tan WC, Ng TP Frequent hospital readmissions for acute exacerbation of COPD and their associated factors. Respirology. 2006 Mar;11(2):188-95.
Ng TP, Niti M, Fones C, Yap KB, Tan WC Co-morbid association of depression and COPD: a population-based study. Respir Med. 2009 Jun;103(6):895-901. doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2008.12.010. Epub 2009 Jan 10.
Ng TP, Niti M, Tan WC, Cao Z, Ong KC, Eng P Depressive symptoms and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: effect on mortality, hospital readmission, symptom burden, functional status, and quality of life. Arch Intern Med. 2007 Jan 8;167(1):60-7.
Ng TP, Niti M, Tan WC Trends and ethnic differences in COPD hospitalization and mortality in Singapore. COPD. 2004 Apr;1(1):5-11.
Niti M, Ng TP, Kua EH, Ho RC, Tan CH Depression and chronic medical illnesses in Asian older adults: the role of subjective health and functional status. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2007 Nov;22(11):1087-94.
"Consultation Liaison and Integrated Care for COPD Patients With Psychiatric Co-Morbidity"
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
