Beyth N, Yudovin-Farber I, Bahir R, Domb AJ, Weiss EI Antibacterial activity of dental composites containing quaternary ammonium polyethylenimine nanoparticles against Streptococcus mutans. Biomaterials. 2006 Jul;27(21):3995-4002. Epub 2006 Mar 27.
Beyth N, Yudovin-Fearber I, Domb AJ, Weiss EI Long-term antibacterial surface properties of composite resin incorporating polyethyleneimine nanoparticles. Quintessence Int. 2010 Nov-Dec;41(10):827-35.
Clasen AB, Ogaard B Experimental intra-oral caries models in fluoride research. Acta Odontol Scand. 1999 Dec;57(6):334-41. Review.
Dijkman GE, Arends J Secondary caries in situ around fluoride-releasing light-curing composites: a quantitative model investigation on four materials with a fluoride content between 0 and 26 vol%. Caries Res. 1992;26(5):351-7.
Gorton J, Featherstone JD In vivo inhibition of demineralization around orthodontic brackets. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2003 Jan;123(1):10-4.
Hals E, Nernaes A Histopathology of in vitro caries developing around silver amalgam fillings. Caries Res. 1971;5(1):58-77.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
